GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS

IUD intrauterine device

 IUDs are small, "T-shaped" devices made of flexible plastic. A health care provider inserts an IUD into a woman's uterus to prevent pregnancy. There are two types of IUD available — copper  and hormonal.
They are one form of long-acting reversible contraception which are the most effective types of reversible birth control. Side effects of IUDs include cramps, infection, spotting, heavy periods, infertility
 
INFERTILITY

 infertility is 'a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse'.
While it's true that many woman conceive without difficulty, more than five million people of childbearing age or one in every 10 couples have problems with infertility.
Causes of male infertility may include: Abnormal sperm production or function due to various problems, such as undescended testicles, genetic defects, health problems including diabetes, prior infections such as mumps, trauma or prior surgeries on the testicles or inguinal region.PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility 

IN VITRO FERTILIZATION

In Vitro Fertilization is a one assisted reproductive technology (ART) commonly referred to as IVF. IVF is the process of fertilization by manually combining an egg and sperm in a laboratory dish, and then transferring the embryo to the uterus.For IVF to be successful it typically requires healthy ova, sperm that can fertilise, and a uterus that can maintain a pregnancy. The success rate for IVF depends on the woman's age.

IMPOTENCY

 Impotence is a common problem among men and is characterized by the consistent inability to sustain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse or the inability to achieve ejaculation, or both. It’s a form of erectile dysfunction (ED)but
Erectile dysfunction can vary.A penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis.Using alcohol can dampen mood, decrease sexual desire, and make it difficult for a man to achieve erections or reach an orgasm while under the influence.Men facing increased stress or anxiety may also have increased blood pressure and cholesterol. Both of these conditions increase a man's risk for ED.




HYSTERECTOMY

Hysterectomy is a surgery to remove a woman's uterus.The uterus is a hollow muscular organ that nourishes the developing baby during pregnancy. However other organs such as ovaries, fallopian tubes and the cervix are very frequently removed as part of the surgery. You'll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation.The most common reason hysterectomy is performed is for uterine fibroids. Other common reasons are:cervical dysplasia , abnormal uterine bleeding , endometriosis, and uterine prolapse.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES (GDM)

Diabetes of pregnancy Gestational diabetes occurs when a pregnant woman has high levels of glucose in her blood. High blood glucose is caused because the mother can't produce enough insulin (a pregnant woman's insulin needs are two to three times that of normal).Usually around the 24th week of gestation.Risk factors include being overweight or obese, history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy, and PCOS.Gestational diabetes may be a marker for diabetes development later in life.Whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy.



FETAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal development begins before you even know you're pregnant.Within about three days after conception, the fertilized egg is dividing very fast into many cells. It passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta, which will nourish the baby, also starts to form.Your baby is an embryo consisting of two layers of cells from which all her organs and body parts will develop.BY 3rd month looks like a baby and internal organs developing like brain.By 4-6 months heart beating starts , bones develop and able to give movements.By 7-9 months lung develops and fetus double it length

EPISIOTOMY

An episiotomy is a surgical cut in the muscular area between the vagina and the anus (the area called the perineum) made just before delivery during second stage of labor to enlarge your vaginal opening so that the baby's birth easier and prevent severe tears that can be difficult to repair.The average length of a hospital stay for a normal vaginal delivery is 36--48 hours or with an episiotomy is 48--60 hours, whereas a C-section is 72--108 hours.

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Endometriosis is a disease in which tissue that normally grows inside the uterus grows outside it. which most often occurs in women between the ages of 25 and 40.Pelvic pain during menstruation or ovulation can be a symptom of endometriosis, but may also occur in normal women.
Medical treatment  
Pain killers 
Oral contraceptives 
Progestins/progesterone 
GnRH-analogues

Early surgical menopause (hysterectomy) as a “treatment” for endometriosis may contribute to increased risk of heart disease in younger women.

ASSISTED DELIVERY

An assisted delivery is when your baby needs help to be born with instruments that attach to her head. It's also called an instrumental, or operative vaginal birth.
About one in eight women has an assisted delivery.
 Forceps are a surgical instrument that resembles a pair of tongs and can be used in surgery for grabbing, maneuvering, or removing various things within or from the body. They can be used to assist the delivery of a baby as an alternative to the ventouse (vacuum extraction) method.
A vacuum extraction is a procedure sometimes done during the course of vaginal childbirth. During vacuum extraction, a health care provider applies the vacuum — a soft or rigid cup with a handle and a vacuum pump — to the baby's head to help guide the baby out of the birth canal.

AMNIOCENTESIS

Amniocentesis ( amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis or spina bifida and fetal infections, determine lung maturity , and also used for sex determination. 
Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and protects a baby during pregnancy.
It is most often done in a doctor's office or medical center.